O artigo visa analisar como as representações simbólicas da teologia pentecostal clássica, e a vivência comunitária no pentecostalismo clássico, ajudam as pessoas excluídas, cultural, econômica e socialmente a encontrarem um espaço onde lhes é oferecido autonomia. A análise refere-se ao pentecostalismo clássico, ou seja, se busca na tipologia clássica da Assembléia de Deus as representações simbólicas para a construção das argumentações do texto. Referencia-se, o artigo, em autores consagrados que estudaram o pentecostalismo de matriz clássica.

Este é um comentário crítico do livro A metáfora do Deus encarnado (2000), de John Hick. Hick busca rever axiomas cristológicos, tentando reinterpretá-los no intuito de fazê-los significativos para o diálogo inter-religioso. Propõe uma cristologia pluralista, desconstruindo tradicionais premissas e dando novos significados ao evento Jesus. A partir de uma nova cristologia, oferece uma soteriologia que transcende o evento crístico. Palavras-chave: Cristologia; Soteriologia; Diálogo interreligioso; Teologia contemporânea. ABSTRACT This is a critical review of John Hick’s book The metaphor of red (...) God (2000). Hick reviews Christological axioms, attempting to reinterpret them so as to render them significant to the dialogue between religions. He proposes a pluralist Christology, deconstructing traditional premises and investing Jesus’ event with new meanings. With basis on a new Christology, he offers a soteriology that transcends Christ’s event. Key words: Christology; Soteriology; Dialogue between religions; Contemporary theology. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa discutir criticamente a relação entre dependência política e cidadania no Brasil, com o enriquecimento de questionamentos e dados referentes à cultura religiosa e política brasileira. Na discussão sobre cidadania e dependência no Brasil, que abaixo desenvolvo, busco, nas figuras dos “mitos fundadores” da nação, a exegese do atrofiamento da cidadania do povo brasileiro. Tais mitos fundadores teriam um caráter “antropológico de solução imaginária para tensões, conflitos e contradições” (CASTRO, 2003, p. 57). É a solução de problemas (...) e conflitos que remete às simbolizações do passado (como origem) que se faz presente, sob novos aspectos, para a resolução de problemas. Exponho quatro mitos básicos que influem na relação cidadania-dependência no Brasil: o mito da visão do paraíso; do providencialismo; da história messiânico-milenarista; e da graça de Deus. Em contraponto às matrizes de cunho religioso que dificultam a emancipação cidadã, abordo pistas para o exercício ativo e independente, ou co-dependente, da cidadania. Palavras-chave: Cidadania; Dependência; Emancipação; Cultura; Religiosidade. ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss critically the relation between political dependence and citizenship in Brazil, providing questionings and data referring to Brazilian religious culture and politics. The discussion of citizenship and dependence in Brazil, in the figures of the nation’s ‘founding myths’, searches for an exegesis of the atrophy of the Brazilian people’s citizenship. Such founding myths may be said to have an anthropological character ‘of imaginary solution to tensions, conflicts and contradictions’ (CASTRO, 2003, p. 57). It is the solution of problems and conflicts that refers back to symbols of the past (as origin), made present under new guise for the solution of problems. Four basic myths that influence the relation citizenship-dependence in Brazil are presented: the vision of paradise; providence; messianic-millenarian history; and God‘s grace. Counterpointing religious patterns that hinder citizenship emancipation, clues are provided to an active and independent, or co-dependent, exercise of citizenship. Key words: Citizenship; Dependence; Emancipation; Culture; Religiosity. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar algumas teorias de base sociológica que possam explicar o surgimento, em nossa época, de movimentos eclesiais católicos de cunho tradicional, que resgatam estilos de vida religiosa identificados com o passado, ou melhor, com características de uma igreja anterior ao Concílio Vaticano II. A tese central, ainda que como conclusão provisória, é que, num mundo fragmentado e secularizado, pessoas, especialmente jovens, buscam orientação de vida e fé em formas religiosas identificadas com o passado, pois estas (...) ofereceriam segurança e proteção diante de uma sociedade e igreja cada vez mais secularizadas e sem um dossel sagrado determiná-las. Assim, analisamos a tendência pósmoderna de se voltar a costumes, liturgias e doutrinas mais rígidas ou conservadoras, justa e paradoxalmente no intuito de resistir à pós-modernidade ou à racionalidade moderna. Nosso estudo tem como pano de fundo o movimento da Toca de Assis e, até certo ponto, as teorias sociológicas de Peter Berger. Assim, a metodologia deste estudo é a sociológica. Palavras-chave: Igreja Católica; Jovens; Movimentos eclesiais. ABSTRACT This article aims to present some sociological theories that can explain the present emergence of Catholic ecclesiastical movements of a “traditional” nature, which rescue religious life styles identified with the past, that is, with the Church before Vatican Council II. The central thesis, though inconclusive, is that, in a fragmented and secularized world, people, especially the young, would search for life guidance and faith in religious forms identified with the past, as they would offer security and protection in a society and in a church rendered more and more secular, and deprived of a sacred canopy to define them. Thus, it analyzes the post-modern trend to return to more rigid or conservative habits, liturgies and doctrines, precisely – and paradoxically – as a form of resistance to post-modernity or modern rationality. The article is based on the movement of Toca de Assis (St. Francis of Assisi’s Burrow Fraternity) and, up to certain point, on Peter Berger’s sociological theories. Thus, the study methodology is sociological. Key words: Catholic Church; The young; Ecclesiastical movements. (shrink)

O artigo visa analisar como as representações simbólicas da teologia pentecostal clássica, e a vivência comunitária no pentecostalismo clássico, ajudam as pessoas excluídas, cultural, econômica e socialmente a encontrarem um espaço onde lhes é oferecido autonomia. A análise refere-se ao pentecostalismo clássico, ou seja, se busca na tipologia clássica da Assembléia de Deus as representações simbólicas para a construção das argumentações do texto. Referencia-se, o artigo, em autores consagrados que estudaram o pentecostalismo de matriz clássica.

O presente estudo busca compreender a aderência de jovens a um instituto católico – Toca de Assis – que se caracteriza por adotar um estilo de vida configurado por radical pobreza, renúncia a bens e estudos formais, e dependência exclusiva da providência divina, além de desenvolvimento de trabalho com pessoas em situação de rua. Busca entender a opção juvenil por um estilo de vida religiosa rigoroso a partir de propostas de vida contrastivas com a sociedade contemporânea e, de certo modo, (...) com a própria Igreja, visando identidades alternativas e fortes. Assim, o artigo desenvolve o tema Juventude; Toca de Assis, renúncia, pobreza; tem como objetivo verificar as relações entre juventude, comportamento e adesão a estilos de vida radicais; usa, principalmente, da metodologia das ciências sociais; tem por conclusão provisória a compreensão de que os jovens que aderem à Toca de Assis, ao renunciar a bens materiais, estudo, e ao assumirem uma vida de pobreza e solidariedade com os pobres, estão em um movimento de contrastividade e contestação social motivadas por uma identificação com o Cristo sofredor. Palavras-chave : Toca de Assis. Renúncia. Pobreza. Jovens.: The present study aims to understand the adherence of youth people to a Catholic institute called Toca de Assis. This group adopts a lifestyle of radical poverty, wich calls for renunciation of material goods and also to formal studies. Participants in this group also claim rely solely on state of divine providence for their material survival. Young people in this group perform a work of assistance to people marginalized by society and to those who live at risk on the streets. The article seeks to understand the reasons for the choice of young people for a religious lifestyle so strict that contrasts with the lifestyle of contemporary society and in a sense, the Church itself, aiming at the formation of alternate identities. Thus, the article develops the theme “youth”, “Toca de Assis”, “resignation”, and “poverty”. The study aims, in short, to examine relationships between youth behavior and adherence to radical lifestyles; For this purpose, a methodology of social science is used. As in interim conclusion, this discussion indicates the following: youth people who adhere to Toca de Assis, renouncing material possessions, study, and assuming a life of poverty and solidarity with the poor, are in a movement of social protest and are motivated by an identification with the suffering Christ. Keywords : Toca de Assis. Renunciation. Poverty. Youth. (shrink)

Este artículo sostiene que Platón constituye un interlocutor fructífero para la Teoría crítica. Desde un diálogo con Axel Honneth, argumentaremos primero que la metodología de crítica social desarrollada en la República posee elementos constructivo-racionales y reconstructivo-hermenéuticos. Luego, enfatizaremos dos conceptos prefigurados en dicha obra que, mediante Hegel, yacen en el trasfondo de la Teoría crítica, a saber: holismo y patología social. Ello nos permitirá articular, como conclusión, una “dialéctica de la justicia” que, en el sentido de Adorno & Horkheimer, recorre (...) la obra de Honneth. (shrink)

O livro Ensaios de Filosofia da Ciência (2019) é uma coletânea de vários textos de Pierre Duhem escritos em diferentes momentos de sua vida. A obra foi organizada pela Associação Filosófica Scientiae Studia e conta com um profícuo ensaio introdutório escrito pelo tradutor, o prof. Dr. Fábio Rodrigo Leite. Cada ensaio possui seus próprios capítulos, porém, na subdivisão dessa coletânea, cada texto foi referido como um capítulo e seus capítulos postos como subcapítulos. No presente fichamento abordaremos o primeiro capítulo, (...) isto é, o ensaio “Algumas reflexões acerca das teorias físicas”, que, na verdade, trata-se de uma aula inaugural do curso de Física e de Cristalografia da Faculdade de Ciências de Lille ministrada por Duhem em 1892, no qual o filósofo apresenta uma síntese de sua concepção acerca da natureza do conhecimento científico. Esse ensaio, como atesta o tradutor, é um dos mais importantes desse proeminente filósofo da ciência e merece atenção para compreender a evolução do pensamento duhemiano. (shrink)

Understanding causation in social-ecological systems (SES) is indispensable for promoting sustainable outcomes. However, the study of such causal relations is challenging because they are often complex and intertwined, and their analysis involves diverse disciplines. Although there is agreement that no single research approach (RA) can comprehensively explain SES phenomena, there is a lack of ability to deal with this diversity. Underlying this diversity and the challenge of dealing with it are different causal reasonings that are rarely explicit. Awareness of hidden (...) assumptions is essential for understanding how the causal reasoning of an RA is constituted, and for promoting the integration, translation, or juxtaposition of different RAs. We identify the following elements as particularly relevant for understanding causal reasoning: methods, frameworks and theories, accounts of causation, analytical focus, and causal notions. We begin with the idea that one of these elements typically figures as an entry point to an RA. This entry point is particularly important because it generates a path dependence that orients causal reasoning. In a subsequent step, when an approach is applied, causal reasoning concretizes as a result of a particular constellation of the remaining elements. We come to these insights by studying the application of four different RAs to the same social-ecological case (the collapse of Baltic cod stocks in the 1980s). On the basis of our findings we developed a guide for the analysis of causal reasoning by raising awareness of the assumptions, key elements, and the relations between these key elements for a given RA. The guide can be used to elicit the causal reasoning of RAs, facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration, and support disclosure of ethical/political dimensions that underlie management/governance interventions that are formulated on the basis of causal findings of research studies. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Many people now believe that human reproductive cloning – once sufficiently safe and effective – should be permitted on the grounds that it will allow the otherwise infertile to have children that are biologically closely related to them. However, though it is widely believed that the possession of a close genetic link to our children is morally significant and valuable, we argue that such a view is erroneous. Moreover, the claim that the genetic link is valuable is pernicious; it (...) tends to give rise to highly undesirable consequences, and therefore should be combated rather than pandered to. The emphasis on the genetic is unwarranted and unfortunate; rather than giving us moral reason to support reproductive cloning in the case of infertility, the fact that cloning requests are likely to be motivated by the genetic argument gives us reason to oppose its availability. (shrink)

Eines der medizinischen Felder, in dem die ethische Diskussion um die „wunscherfüllende Medizin“ am intensivsten geführt wird, ist die Reproduktionsmedizin, die die Erfüllung des „Kinderwunsches“ verspricht. Strittig ist besonders, ob Sterilität als Krankheit definiert wird, die eine medizinische Intervention rechtfertigt, ob sich aus der Sterilität oder Infertilität lediglich ein Abwehr- oder auch ein positives Anspruchsrecht auf medizinische Ressourcen ergibt, ob legitime Fortpflanzungsmedizin Grenzen hat. Nach einer Übersicht über Eckpunkte der nationalen und internationalen Debatte beschreiben wir im zweiten Teil Ansichten zum (...) Status ungewollter Kinderlosigkeit, zum Recht auf Fortpflanzungsmedizin und zur möglichen Legitimität ihrer Begrenzung anhand der Ergebnisse unserer vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Studien. Während der letzten fünf Jahre haben wir u. a. Paare mit und ohne Sterilitätsproblematik sowie verschiedene Expertengruppen qualitativ und standardisiert befragt. Die stark divergierenden Auffassungen konfrontieren wir im dritten Abschnitt mit internationalen Standards, zum anderen mit dem „Capability-Ansatz“ und dem freiheitsfunktionalen Liberalismus von Sen und Pauer-Studer. Dies ergibt, dass die Bereitstellung verschiedener Möglichkeiten der In-vitro-Fertilisations-(IVF-)Behandlung nicht lediglich einen Wunsch auf Elternschaft erfüllt sondern als die gesollte Erfüllung eines normativen Bedürfnissanspruchs begriffen werden muss. (shrink)

We propose that institutions consider establishing a position of “Ombudsman for Research Practice”. This person would assume several roles: as asounding board to those needing confidential consultation about research issues — basic, applied or clinical; as afacilitator for those wishing to pursue a formal grievance process; and as aneducator to distribute guidelines and standards, to raise the consciousness regarding sloppy or irregular practices in order to prevent misconduct and to promote the responsible conduct of research. While there are compelling features (...) to this position, many complex issues need to be considered and resolved. We invite readers to respond to questions we raise in the text. (shrink)

Wie muss ein ethischer Beratungsdienst strukturiert sein, damit er in moralischen Konfliktsituationen im klinischen Alltag angefragt wird und die Ratsuchenden ergebnisorientiert unterstützen kann? Nach welchen Kriterien lassen sich die Beratungsgespräche auswerten und bewerten? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen werden theoretisch fundierte Konzepte ethischer Fallbesprechung aus Nimwegen, Leuven und Basel herangezogen; dies geschieht vor dem Hintergrund der Erfahrungen mit der über zehnjährigen Entwicklung der ethischen Arbeit im Ev. Krankenhaus Bielefeld (EvKB). Als Resultat stellen wir einen strukturierten, multidisziplinären Ansatz vor, mit dem in (...) den Beratungsgesprächen die ethischen Dimensionen unterschiedlicher Vorstellungen herausgearbeitet und möglichst einvernehmlichen Lösungen zugeführt werden. Am Beispiel des EvKB lässt sich zeigen, dass der ethische Beratungsdienst auch in Zeiten knapper Ressourcen implementiert und praktiziert werden kann und eine Gesprächskultur schafft, die zu neuen Zielvariablen führt; hier spielen der Perspektivenwechsel und die Prozessgerechtigkeit eine zentrale Rolle und liefern zugleich Ansatzpunkte für unsere eigene Evaluationsstrategie. Zum aktuellen Stand der Evaluation klinischer Ethikberatung wird die internationale Literatur kritisch gewürdigt. Erste konzeptionelle Ansätze und Ergebnisse einer eigenen Evaluationsstrategie werden vorgestellt. Durch die Offenlegung hoffen wir, die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Themen zu intensivieren. (shrink)

Demographischer Wandel und medizinischer Fortschritt haben zur Folge, dass immer mehr Patienten außerstande sind, selbstbestimmt über eine medizinische Behandlung zu entscheiden. Dann sind andere gefordert, unter Berücksichtigung von Wohl und Willen des Patienten stellvertretend zu entscheiden. Dabei bieten sich drei Entscheidungskriterien an: Paternalismus, substitutive Autonomie (mutmaßlicher Wille) und prospektive Autonomie (vorausverfügter Wille). Keines dieser Kriterien garantiert für sich genommen eine optimale Entscheidung. Realistisch ist nur ein integratives Modell, das diese Kriterien pragmatisch verbindet. Je klarer im Einzelfall die Evidenz für den (...) autonomen Patientenwillen ist, desto mehr Gewicht sollte ihm eingeräumt werden. Dabei lassen sich konkrete Schritte benennen, wie die Evidenz für eine autonome Willensbekundung beurteilt werden kann. Obgleich stellvertretende Entscheidungen in der medizinischen Praxis oft von Ärzten, professionellen Betreuern und Richtern getroffen werden, gibt es überzeugende Gründe für die These, dass der nächste Angehörige am besten geeignet ist, prima facie als stellvertretender Entscheidungsträger zu fungieren. (shrink)

Selection theory requires multiple, distinct, simultaneously-actualized states. In cognition, each thought or cognitive state changes the 'selection pressure' against which the next is evaluated; they are not simultaneously selected amongst. Creative thought is more a matter of honing in a vague idea through redescribing successive iterations of it from different real or imagined perspectives; in other words, actualizing potential through exposure to different contexts. It has been proven that the mathematical description of contextual change of state introduces a non-Kolmogorovian probability (...) distribution, and a classical formalism such as selection theory cannot be used. This paper argues that creative thought evolves not through a Darwinian process, but a process of context-driven actualization of potential. (shrink)

Cohesion is established in S‐phase through the action of key replisome factors as replication forks engage cohesin molecules. By holding sister chromatids together, cohesion critically assists both an equal segregation of the duplicated genetic material and an efficient repair of DNA breaks. Nonetheless, the molecular events leading the entrapment of nascent chromatids by cohesin during replication are only beginning to be understood. The authors describe here the essential structural features of the cohesin complex in connection to its ability to associate (...) DNA molecules and review the current knowledge on the architectural‐functional organization of the eukaryotic replisome, significantly advanced by recent biochemical and structural studies. In light of this novel insight, the authors discuss the mechanisms proposed to assist interfacing of replisomes with chromatin‐bound cohesin complexes and elaborate on models for nascent chromatids entrapment by cohesin in the environment of the replication fork. (shrink)

. We explore the possibility and some potential payoffs of using the theory of accessible categories in the study of categories of logics. We illustrate this by two case studies focusing on the category of finitary structural logics and its subcategory of algebraizable logics.

Die demografische Entwicklung und der medizinische Fortschritt werden die Problematik der Ressourcenknappheit im Gesundheitswesen in Zukunft weiter verschärfen. Auch Deutschland steht eine Prioritätensetzung im Gesundheitswesen bevor. Diese sollte in möglichst transparenter Weise nach klaren Kriterien erfolgen. Ein nur selten in diesem Kontext besprochenes Kriterium der Verteilung von Mitteln in der Gesundheitsversorgung ist die marginale Wirksamkeit medizinischer Leistungen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dieses Kriterium vorgestellt und auf seine Fairness hin untersucht. Nach der kritischen Diskussion einiger Argumente gegen den offenen Einsatz von (...) Rationierungskriterien und einer Definition von marginaler Wirksamkeit in zwei unterschiedlichen Dimensionen werden verschiedene Vorzüge und eventuelle Nachteile des Kriteriums beleuchtet. (shrink)

Mit der Einführung der Diagnosis Related Groups wurde die Qualitätssicherung für Krankenhäuser verpflichtend. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im vorliegenden Beitrag die gebräuchlichen Definitionen für Qualität der Gesundheitsversorgung und ihre Umsetzung in Maßnahmen der Qualitätsförderung analysiert. Auswirkungen des Umgangs mit Qualität sind u. a. eine Verbesserung der objektiven Qualität von Gesundheitsleistungen und eine Veränderung der Kultur der Medizin im Sinne einer Zergliederung der Behandlung in messbare Einzelschritte und der Standardisierung von Behandlungsabläufen. Im Kontrast zu diesem objektiven Verständnis von Qualität steht die (...) Forderung nach Patientenorientierung und nach einer subjektiven Qualität, die vor allem auf das Gelingen der therapeutischen Interaktion verweist und darauf, dass erst in der Interaktion der Maßstab für Qualität festgelegt wird. Demzufolge ist es die Aufgabe einer guten Krankenhausorganisation, einen geschützten Raum für die therapeutische Interaktion zu schaffen. (shrink)

Some nineteenth-century liberals declare that the "principle of freedom", which articulates the form of State they propose, requires the complement of other principles. This revisionist claim leads us to wonder about the way in which this principle has been understood and what has been its field of individual, social and political interference. The inquiry leads us to establish a connection between the principle of freedom and the struggle to overcome the regime of authority typical of the Ancien Régime and, specifically, (...) with the universal possibility of being able to exercise an economic activity beyond "corporate" tutelage or vassalage. In this way, the principle of liberty is linked to the new economic regime, markedly modern, which tries to find its own laws, beyond the administrative aspect, through the new analytical field inaugurated by the new political economy of the eighteenth-century économistes. The principle of freedom is confused, then, with laissez faire, but this maxim does not mean, at first, to defend the rule of possessive individualism, but is equivalent to the possibility of restricting the interference of discretionary and arbitrary political power in people's lives. However, despite being the principle of freedom, thus understood, the mainstay of the configuration of modern subjectivity and the root of the expansion of personality, it gives rise to certain antisocial behaviors that a good part of the same liberals will try to remedy through the regulatory action of other principles. In summary, by means of various sources that have been concerned with delimiting the meaning of liberal principles, which respond to different periods and ideologically opposed schools, we attempt to define the principle of freedom and, in turn, to show the positive and negative consequences that different interpreters have attributed to its application. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to suggest that the fictionalist’s emotions toward religious discourse could be better supported than the current literature allows. By ‘fictionalist’ I mean those of whom interpret religious discourse as useful fiction. The threefold structure of the article will argue that: (1) the concept of aliefs has been falsely equated with the concept of imagining, (2) the fictionalist ought to adopt a hybrid theory of emotions rather than a cognitive appraisal and, (3) if (1) and (...) (2) are accepted, then key issues concerning the genuineness and appropriateness of emotions toward fictional entities can be overcome. I will conclude that something significant is at stake here, and that is whether or not the fictionalist’s emotions are deemed ‘real’ or not. Thus, to provide the best defence of the fictionalist’s emotions is to: (A) separate that which has been lumped together, that is: quasi emotions and alief-evoked emotions (B) argue for the hybrid account of emotions and, (C) defend the genuine and appropriate nature of fictional emotions. (shrink)

In den westlichen Industrienationen gilt das Prinzip der informierten Einwilligung als das Zentralelement medizinischer Forschungsethik. In anderen, stärker die Relationalität als die Individualität von Personen betonenden Kulturen hingegen werden medizinische Entscheidungen traditionell eher durch die Gemeinschaft bzw. ihr Oberhaupt getroffen. Um verschiedenen kulturellen Normen gerecht zu werden, wird international tätigen Forschungsteams häufig empfohlen, den Community Consent und den Informed Consent einzuholen. Ausschlaggebend soll dabei letztlich der Informed Consent des Individuums sein. Es soll die Teilnahme auch dann verweigern können, wenn die (...) Gemeinschaft bzw. ihr Repräsentant dem Vorhaben zugestimmt hat. Der Beitrag diskutiert, ob eine solche Kopplung von Community Consent und Informed Consent tatsächlich geeignet ist, den Ansprüchen beider Prinzipien gerecht zu werden. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Kopplung von Community Consent und Informed Consent ethisch problematisch ist, wenn der Gemeinschaft hierbei ein Vetorecht eingeräumt wird, das geeignet ist, die Realisation konträrer individueller Interessen und damit das Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Betroffenen zu unterlaufen. Um zu gewährleisten, dass in interkulturellen Forschungszusammenhängen sowohl der individuellen als auch der relationalen Autonomie von Personen angemessener Raum gewährt wird, wäre es empfehlenswert, den Informed Consent ausdrücklich mit einer Community Consultation zu koppeln. Hier käme die Entscheidung gegen, aber auch für eine Studienteilnahme in letzter Instanz klar dem Individuum zu, während die Vorzüge einer Einbeziehung der Gemeinschaft in den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess anerkannt und genutzt werden könnten. (shrink)

The paper uses the Offenders' Social Reintegration Project, run between 1988 and 1998 by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, to discuss the characteristics of new forms of action research and to reflect on the main debates within action research literature. Firstly, new forms of action research dealing with community issues tend to take place within complex systems, aiming to bring potential partners together and to facilitate the development of networks of organisations. Networking presupposes a more open-ended mode of research (...) and opens the question of participation of the social groups concerned. The varying and changing degrees of participation within the Project are described with reference to the role of the researchers and the discrepancy between formal and informal partnerships. Secondly, the relation between research and action is dealt with via a discussion of the different types of knowledge produced in the course of the Project and their appropriateness for informing and evaluating practice. The implications of these arguments for the scientific status of action research and the paradigm within which it can be located are also addressed. Thirdly, the paper discusses the role of the various institutional contexts in shaping and constraining possible types of research and action. Finally, the type of change pursued by action research projects is considered with reference to the ongoing debate within action research literature on the role of politics, leading to the acknowledgement of the inevitable implication of political negotiations and power in any initiative towards social change. (shrink)

This paper consists in the presentation of the first version of the Greek/Portuguese translation of Sextus Empiricus’ _Outlines of Pyrrhonism _1.220-235, passage where Sextus traces a comparison between the Pyrrhonism and the Academic philosophy.

(1890). NOTE ON LOCUSTS AS PROPAGATORS OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 84-85.

Bei der Bemühung um die Emanzipation von körperlich oder geistig beeinträchtigten Menschen kommt es häufig zu einer vehementen Kritik an einem "medizinischen Konzept" von Behinderung. Diesem wird aus Sicht einer "Bürgerrechtsperspektive" entgegengehalten, es gelte nicht, die Menschen zu korrigieren, sondern die Umwelt so zu verändern, dass Betroffene ungehindert am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können. Nach Auffassung der "Normalisierungskritik" sind es Stereotypen und Stigmata, die es Behinderten erschweren, ein selbstbestimmtes Leben zu führen. Beide Ansätze ignorieren oder bagatellisieren jedoch aus systematischen Gründen die (...) Art und Weise, in der Betroffene ihre physische oder psychische Schädigung subjektiv erfahren. Deshalb kann auch nicht auf die erheblichen Unterschiede reflektiert werden, die zwischen verschiedenen Formen der Behinderung bestehen. Es ist jedoch verfehlt, die Feststellung, dass Behinderte häufig in spezifischer Art bedürftig sind, mit paternalistischer Herablassung gleichzusetzen. Gerade für ein zuträgliches Verhältnis von Medizinern und Behinderten ist es wichtig, exakt jene Differenzen zu berücksichtigen, die zwischen akuten Krankheiten und verschiedenen Formen chronischer Beeinträchtigung bestehen. Nur so können Ärzte dazu veranlasst werden, von einer allzu "interventionsfreudigen" Haltung Abstand zu nehmen. (shrink)

Soul and it's functional mechanism in jainism Elucidation by school kind kund.

Early research examining the relationship between corporate social practices and candidate attraction generally concludes that prospective employees prefer to be affiliated with socially responsible organizations (Dolan, 1997; Greening & Turban, 2000; Turban & Greening, 1996). A basic assumption embedded in these studies is that there is a generalized consensus among job candidates regarding the factors that constitute a desirable social record. Our project challenges this assumption and seeks to uncover variation among prospective job candidates’ attraction to specific organizations’ social practices. (...) We draw on the model of stakeholder orientation outlined by Mitroff (1983) to build a theoretical framework to explain variations in candidate attraction to specific practices and to guide the development of propositions that outline how candidates might be attracted to certain practices. Analysis of pilot data provides an illustration of how various corporate social practices cluster in a manner that is consistent with the theoretical propositions. (shrink)